图解排序算法

算法

# split in half
m = n / 2
# recursive sorts
sort a[1..m]
sort a[m+1..n]
# merge sorted sub-arrays using temp array
b = copy of a[1..m]
i = 1, j = m+1, k = 1
while i <= m and j <= n,
    a[k++] = (a[j] < b[i]) ? a[j++] : b[i++]
    → invariant: a[1..k] in final position
while i <= m,
    a[k++] = b[i++]
    → invariant: a[1..k] in final position

属性

• 稳定性
• 数组要 Θ(n) 额外空间
• 链表要 Θ(lg(n)) 额外空间
• Θ(n·lg(n)) 时间
• 不自适应
• 不需要随机接入数据

讨论

Merge sort is very predictable. It makes between 0.5*lg(n) and lg(n) comparisons per element, and between lg(n) and 1.5*lg(n) swaps per element. The minima are achieved for already sorted data; the maxima are achieved, on average, for random data. If using Θ(n) extra space is of no concern, then merge sort is an excellent choice: It is simple to implement, and it is the only stable O(n·lg(n)) sorting algorithm. Note that when sorting linked lists, merge sort requires only Θ(lg(n)) extra space (for recursion).

归并排序算法给出的各种情况：当需要稳定性，对链表进行排序时，当随机接入比顺序访问（例如，在磁带上的外部的排序）昂贵得多时。

合并算法算法的最后一步在适当的地方确实存在着线性时间，但它们是昂贵和复杂的。复杂度由应用程序（如当Θ(n)的额外空间无法使用时的外部排序）来证明。

指示

• 点击来重新启动在行、列或整个表格中的动画。
• 可以直接点击动画图像来启动或重新启动它。
• 点击问题的规模来重置所有的动画。

关键

• 黑色的值是已经排好序的。
• 灰色的值是还未完成排序的。
• 一个红色的三角形标记算法的位置。
• 深灰色的值表示当前时间间隔(希尔排序, 归并排序, 快速排序)。
• 一对红色的三角形标记着左、右指针(快速排序)。

参考文档

Algorithms in Java, Parts 1-4, 3rd edition by Robert Sedgewick. Addison Wesley, 2003.

Programming Pearls by Jon Bentley. Addison Wesley, 1986.

Quicksort is Optimal by Robert Sedgewick and Jon Bentley, Knuthfest, Stanford University, January, 2002.

Dual Pivot Quicksort: Code and Discussion.

Bubble-sort with Hungarian ("Csángó") folk dance YouTube video, created at Sapientia University, Tirgu Mures (Marosvásárhely), Romania.

Select-sort with Gypsy folk dance YouTube video, created at Sapientia University, Tirgu Mures (Marosvásárhely), Romania.

Sorting Out Sorting, Ronald M. Baecker with the assistance of David Sherman, 30 minute color sound film, Dynamic Graphics Project, University of Toronto, 1981. Excerpted and reprinted in SIGGRAPH Video Review 7, 1983. Distributed by Morgan Kaufmann, Publishers. Excerpt.